What leads to the deformation of steel castings?

Steel casting is an important casting process in our foundry. Deformation usually happened on finished steel castings. Then, what leads to the deformation of steel castings?

Deformation defects happened frequently all through the casting processes.  Mainly two factors result in the steel casting deformation defects. 

1)Inner structure problems during casting.

One inner structure problem that caused deformation of steel casting is stress left in the steel castings. Steel contains different chemical components. Due to different melting and solidification point of these chemical components, solidification time and rate are different during casting process. This causes the stress left inside the steel castings. Such stress will release after open the pattern or remove the sand shells. Casting deformation happened during this period. 

The other inner structure problem that caused deformation of steel casting is heat treating. To improve the mechanical properties of the steel castings, the castings are usually heat treated. Castings are expanded and soft during heat treating. The remaining stress left from casting process is also released again during this period. All these lead to the deformation of the steel castings. 

2)Besides the inner structure problems, every steps during casting process might causes the deformation of the steel castings.

Such as the unreasonable structure designing, moulding process, clearing and any other processes. All these might lead in the deformation of steel castings. Such deformation can be avoided or reduced by modifying design, specifying production processes. But some deformation can't be reduced to the technical reasons. Then reshaping work is required.

The above is what leads to the deformation of the steel castings. Situation is similar in investment castings process, sand casting process and any other casting processes. 

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